Cash for Clients: The Patchwork of State and Federal Solicitor Rules

Posted on Chris Stanley

The rules governing investment advisers’ ability to pay for client referrals may be deceptively complicated, but at least such rules exist in the first place.

When the SEC first proposed to regulate paid solicitors in Advisers Act Release No. 615 in 1978, it sought public comment on the advisability of an outright prohibition against such activity, because it was so “fraught with possible abuses” of an adviser’s fiduciary duty that it would constitute a fraud. The prohibition, either complete or subject to specified exceptions, would have intentionally stymied “the payment of referral fees of any kind or in any manner to a solicitor who is not an employee of the investment adviser.”

Luckily, Advisers Act Release No. 615 offered an alternative: permit compensation for client solicitation and referrals, albeit subject to narrowly circumscribed conditions.

Between outright prohibition and regulated permissibility, the industry’s response was predictable. To use the SEC’s own words in the subsequent Advisers Act Release No. 688 when it adopted the “Solicitor Rule” as we know it today, “the overwhelming majority of commentators favored the regulation of cash referral fees.”

Commentators analogized an adviser’s reasonable and disclosed cash referral fees to expenditures for marketing advertisements and other methods of developing new business. If banned, commentators argued that large investment advisers with in-house marketing staff would have an unfair advantage over smaller advisers that needed to rely on independent professionals to solicit new clients, and smaller advisers would be further disadvantaged relative to banks, insurance companies, and broker-dealers who would not be subject to the ban. To a certain extent, permitting paid client solicitations and referrals was seen as a way to even the playing field for smaller advisers and avoid what could otherwise be anti-competitive consequences to banning such practices altogether.

The public spoke, the SEC listened, and the new SEC Rule 206(4)-3 (the “Solicitor Rule”) was adopted in 1979.


SEC Rule 206(4)-3: The Solicitor Rule Itself (i.e., the Federal Rule)

Let’s get a few things straight right out of the gate for purposes of the SEC’s Solicitor Rule 206(4)-3 in terms of what constitutes a “solicitor” in the first place:


What Is An RIA Solicitor?

A “solicitor” means any person who, directly or indirectly, solicits any client for, or refers any client to, an investment adviser.

Soliciting a client and referring a client are often used interchangeably, but they are actually distinct activities. To “solicit” is to engage in sales activity to try to encourage a client to work with an adviser. To “refer” is to introduce a client to an adviser, even if the solicitor does not convince, encourage, or recommend the adviser.

Indeed, in the Adopting Release, the SEC noted that “a person could be a solicitor within the meaning of the rule if he supplies the names of clients to an investment adviser, even if he does not specifically recommend to the client that he retain that adviser [because a referral alone is sufficient to trigger solicit status even if it is not a full-borne solicitation itself].”

It is worth mentioning, however, that the SEC has issued a few No-Action letters over the years that carve-out adviser referral programs sponsored by membership associations that met certain criteria (see, e.g., International Association for Financial Planning [June 1, 1998] and National Football League Players Association [January 25, 2002]). The basic concept is that the IAFP (now the Financial Planning Association) and NFL Players Association established a referral program through which potential advisory clients could seek and obtain a list of advisers from which they could subsequently seek advisory services. In both cases, the Solicitor Rule was found not to apply.


Paying and Receiving Cash Payments for Client Solicitations

The title of the Solicitor Rule is actually “Cash payments for client solicitations.” The use of “cash” is intentional, as a solicitor must actually be compensated with cash for a solicitation or a referral to apply, and the Solicitor Rule does not apply if there is no cash payment (or there is a noncash payment) to solicitors.

But don’t get too cute here; just because an adviser doesn’t pay a solicitor in fat stacks of dollar bills doesn’t mean there aren’t potential conflicts of interest to be disclosed. One such conflict of interest the SEC was (and continues to be) particularly concerned about are client referrals that may be made by a broker-dealer to an adviser in exchange for the adviser directing brokerage transactions to that broker-dealer. This practice creates potential best execution concerns that are beyond the scope of this article, but suffice to say that an investment adviser that confers something of value other than coin to a solicitor should still ensure it is adhering to appropriate fiduciary obligations and disclosure expectations for solicitors (and recognize that solicitor status has likely been triggered in the first place).


RIA Solicitors Can Be Third-Party Independents or “In-House” Employees

A solicitor is not necessarily a third-party independent of an adviser’s own personnel. A solicitor can also be (i) a partner, officer, director or employee of an investment advisory firm, or (ii) a partner, officer, director or employee of a person which controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, the investment adviser.

In other words, there are “in-house” solicitors, and there are “third-party” solicitors. Both are covered by the Solicitor Rule, albeit with different regulatory expectations (as will be explained further below).


RIA Solicitor Rules Apply To Clients And Prospects

A “client” (the person being solicited, who triggers the rule and to whom disclosures are due) includes not just those who sign on to become clients, but any prospective client as well.

What this essentially means is that a paid solicitation or referral that does not result in the solicited or referred person actually becoming a client of the adviser would still trigger the requirements of the Solicitor Rule as a prospective client. In other words, even unsuccessful solicitations and referrals still count if cheddar (i.e., compensation) changes hands for that solicitation or referral, and thus requires the rules to be met and the associated disclosures (as discussed further below) to be provided.


RIA Solicitor Rules Vary For SEC- Vs State-Registered Investment Advisers

The Solicitor Rule, as written under Rule 206(4)-3 of the Advisers Act, technically only applies to federally-registered investment advisers (i.e., SEC-registered investment advisers), not to state-registered investment advisers.

However, as discussed later in this article, there are myriad state solicitor rules that need to be accounted for by both state- and federally-registered advisers.

With this backdrop, let’s dive into what the Solicitor Rule actually requires.


Limitations On Becoming A Solicitor Under SEC Rule 206(4)-3

In order for an advisory firm to pay either an in-house or third-party solicitor, the solicitor must not be “statutorily disqualified” from receiving compensation for acting as a solicitor. That is, the solicitor must not be a person:

  • Subject to an SEC order issued under section 203(f) of the Advisers Act (i.e., an order censuring, limiting, suspending, or barring an individual);
  • Convicted within the previous ten years of any felony or misdemeanor involving conduct described in section 203(e)(2)(A) through (D) of the Advisers Act (i.e., a conviction involving the purchase/sale of a security, taking a false oath or making a false report, bribery, perjury, burglary, any substantially equivalent activity or other financial-services activity, as well as larceny, theft, robbery, extortion, forgery, counterfeiting, fraudulent concealment, embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, or misappropriation of funds or securities);
  • Who has been found by the SEC to have engaged, or has been convicted of engaging, in any of the conduct specified in paragraphs (1), (5) or (6) of section 203(e) of the Advisers Act (i.e., making false/misleading statements to the SEC, or willful violation of the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Commodity and Exchange Act, or MSRB rules); or
  • Is subject to an order, judgment or decree described in section 203(e)(4) of the Advisers Act (i.e., permanently or temporarily enjoined by any court from acting as an investment adviser, underwriter, broker, dealer, municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, government securities dealer, transfer agent, credit rating agency, commodity trading adviser, or as an affiliated person or employee of any investment company, bank, insurance company).

In short, the solicitor can’t (already) be a regulatory troublemaker, and a solicitor who gets into regulatory trouble may cause the termination of his/her solicitor eligibility.


Written Agreement Requirements & Types Of RIA Solicitor Arrangements Under SEC Rule 206(4)-3

Assuming the solicitor isn’t a regulatory troublemaker, cash payments for client solicitations may only be made pursuant to a written agreement, to which the adviser and the solicitor are both parties, and are still prohibited unless they are made pursuant to one of three specific scenarios (i.e., three different types of RIA solicitor arrangements):


Newsletters and other Impersonal Advisory Services. The first permitted scenario for cash payment of solicitor fees is one in which a solicitor solicits clients only for the provision of impersonal advisory services by the adviser. Impersonal advisory services means “investment advisory services provided solely by means of (i) written materials or oral statements which do not purport to meet the objectives or needs of the specific client, (ii) statistical information containing no expressions of opinions as to the investment merits of particular securities, or (iii) any combination of the foregoing services.”

The illustrative example of impersonal advisory services used by the SEC in its adopting releasewas a newsletter that a prospective client could purchase, instead of receiving specifically-tailored asset management services. Advisers can, therefore, pay solicitors to drive potential clients to the adviser’s website, blogs posts, educational workshops, investment newsletters, etc., assuming no specifically-tailored advice is conveyed by such means. (But solicitor agreement requirements and disclosure rules still apply, as the rules are merely stating that such arrangements can be paid solicitor arrangements in the first place.)

In-House (Employee) Solicitors. The second permitted scenario encompasses cash payments to: (i) “in-house” solicitors (e.g., a partner, officer, director or employee of an adviser); or (ii) a partner, officer, director or employee of a person which controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the adviser.

This means that, technically speaking, if any of an adviser’s partners, officers, directors, or employees (directly or by affiliation) are to receive cash compensation from the advisory firm for client solicitations or referrals (e.g., business development “bonuses” or internal revenue-sharing agreements for bringing in new clients), there should be a written agreement on file between the investment advisory firm and each such in-house solicitor.

At least for in-house solicitors, though, there are no explicit requirements from the SEC of what such an agreement must contain. Thus, conceptually, this written agreement could simply be a signed employment offer letter or employment agreement itself that describes the nature of the in-house solicitor’s revenue-sharing, bonus, or other compensation for his or her client generation activities.

In addition, if an advisory firm wants to provide cash incentivization to employees to refer new clients to the firm, the employee must disclose to the prospective client his or her status as a partner, officer, director or employee of the adviser (or the nature of any affiliation with the adviser). Technically, this status/affiliation disclosure need not be in writing, but the old regulatory adage, “If it isn’t in writing, it never happened,” is hard to completely ignore. Providing something as simple as a business card with the in-house solicitor’s title and the firm’s name should suffice in this regard, though.

Third-Party Solicitors. The third permitted scenario is where the rubber really meets the road for most referral and solicitation arrangements because it is in this scenario that third-party solicitors finally come into the fold.

In fact, if the person receiving cash for client referrals or solicitations is independent of and unaffiliated with the adviser, four additional requirements kick in.

The first additional requirement is that the written agreement between the third-party solicitor and the adviser must contain the following specific elements:

  1. A description of the solicitation activities to be engaged in;
  2. The compensation to be received by the third-party solicitor;
  3. An undertaking by the third-party solicitor to perform his/her solicitation duties consistent with the adviser’s instructions, as well as the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the rules thereunder (basically this means that the third-party solicitor must be contractually obligated to follow the advisory firm’s instructions and comply with applicable provisions of the Advisers Act);
  4. A requirement that the third-party solicitor delivers the adviser’s Form ADV Part 2 brochure to the solicited client at or before the solicitation occurs; and
  5. A requirement that the third-party solicitor delivers a separate written disclosure document (the “solicitor’s disclosure document”) to the solicited client at or before the solicitation occurs (most commonly simply paired with the delivery of the Form ADV Part 2 brochure).

The second requirement when it comes to third-party solicitors is that the advisory firm itself (not just the third-party solicitor) receives from the solicited client a signed and dated acknowledgment of receipt of the adviser’s Form ADV Part 2 brochure and the separate solicitor’s disclosure document at or before entering into an advisory agreement with such solicited client.

The third requirement is that the investment advisory firm makes a bona fide effort to ascertain whether the third-party solicitor has complied with his/her agreement with the adviser, and has a reasonable basis for believing that the third-party solicitor has so complied. The RIA doesn’t have to supervise a third-party solicitor to the same degree that it would its own employee (as the SEC’s original proposal would have first required!), but the firm still must make a “bona fide effort” to ascertain whether or not the third-party solicitor is abiding by the agreement he or she signed.

So what constitutes a “bona fide effort”? In the adopting release, the SEC suggests that it would involve, at a minimum, making inquiries of some or all solicited clients in order to ascertain whether the third-party solicitor has made improper representations or has otherwise violated the agreement with the adviser. This creates a potentially awkward conversation with solicited clients (“Hey, client, did that guy who referred you to me breach an agreement you’ve never seen?”), but alas that is the sole example the SEC provided. Annual certifications of compliance signed by third-party solicitors seem like a more realistic means to demonstrate a “bona fide effort.”

The fourth and final requirement relates to the separate written solicitor’s disclosure document that must be provided to all solicited clients alongside the ADV Part 2 brochure. Specifically, the solicitor’s disclosure document must include:

  1. The name of the third-party solicitor;
  2. The name of the adviser;
  3. The nature of the relationship, including any affiliation, between the third-party solicitor and the adviser;
  4. A statement that the third-party solicitor will be compensated for his/her solicitation services by the adviser;
  5. The terms of the third-party solicitor’s compensation arrangement, including a description of the compensation paid or to be paid to the third-party solicitor; and
  6. If the solicited client will pay any additional fees to the adviser as a result of the solicitation, the amount of such additional fees.

The specificity with which the third-party solicitor’s compensation must be described cannot be overstated. If the third-party solicitor is to be paid a flat fee, the actual flat fee amount must be included. If the third-party solicitor’s fee is based on a percentage of the solicited client’s assets under the adviser’s management or the adviser’s advisory fee over some time period (or indefinitely), the percentage and (indefinite or other specified) time period must be included. If the third-party solicitor’s compensation is deferred until some later milestone is achieved, such terms must also be included.

Notably, it is these third-party solicitor arrangements (and the delivery of accompanying disclosure documents to the solicited prospect) that advisers seem to be screwing up the most, at least as far as the recent October 31, 2018, SEC Risk Alert on the Cash Solicitation Rule contends. The most common deficiencies stemmed from inadequacies related to the solicitor’s agreement, the solicitor’s disclosure document, client acknowledgments, and the bona fide effort to ascertain third-party solicitor compliance. Specifically, the SEC found that (i) solicitor agreements did not exist or did not contain the specified provisions, (ii) solicitor disclosure documents did not exist, were not provided to solicited clients, or did not contain the specified provisions, (iii) client acknowledgements were not received at all, were not received in a timely fashion, or were not signed/dated, and (iv) advisers could not describe any efforts they took to ascertain third-party solicitor compliance.

Oh, and in case it isn’t obvious, an adviser should retain its solicitor-related documents in its books and records and expect the SEC to request them during an exam.

It is worth pausing here to reinforce the fact that everything discussed above is applicable to SEC-registered advisers and their solicitors, but not necessarily to state-registered advisers and their solicitors. While states may defer to the SEC with respect to certain rules and regulations (like custody, e.g.), solicitation of clients is an activity upon which a lot of states have imposed their own unique regulatory framework. From this point forward in the article, the added complexities of state regulation will be brought into the fold.


Registration And Series 65 Requirements of RIA Solicitors – A State by State Web

Everything discussed in this article so far has addressed the federal cash solicitation rule as it applies to investment advisers (registered with the SEC). But what about the solicitors themselves? If and when do they need to take the Series 65 and/or become registered as an investment adviser representative? This is where it gets messy.

As a fundamental matter, it is important to highlight the fact that the SEC does not register or license natural persons (including solicitors) associated with SEC- or state-registered investment advisers, or require their qualification by examination (e.g., the Series 65). Registration, licensing and qualification requirements of such persons have been delegated to the states (with one important exception applicable only to SEC-registered advisers and their “supervised persons” as discussed below).

Thus, in practice, whether a solicitor must become registered as an investment adviser representative with a particular state depends on both the activity of the solicitor, his or her relationship to the RIA, and the particular state(s) involved and their view on the registration of solicitors operating in their state.


State Requirements For Registration As An RIA Solicitor

Because Federalism, each state has adopted its own rules and regulations that govern the licensing, registration, and qualification of investment adviser representatives (as such term is defined by a particular state).

Most states specifically include solicitation activity as an activity that requires some combination of licensing, registration, and qualification as an investment adviser representative. This could entail, for example, passing the Series 65 exam (or qualifying with a professional exemption like the CFP marks or CFA designation), registering as an IAR of an existing RIA and filing a U4, or registering a new RIA through which to engage in solicitation and referral activity for compensation. The NASAA Uniform Securities Act (which many states have adopted either in full or in part) defines investment adviser representative as one who, among other activities, “solicits, offers, or negotiates for the sale of or sells investment advisory services” (effectively requiring any solicitor doing business in that state to register an IAR of an RIA).

However, not all states consider either in-house or third-party solicitors to be investment adviser representatives (as defined by the particular state), or otherwise require licensing/registration of in-house or third-party solicitors.

Missouri, for example, very explicitly does not require solicitors to register as investment adviser representatives. (See FAQ #7: “Q: Do solicitors for investment advisers have to be registered? A: NO. Investment advisers may pay cash fees to a solicitor who refers business as long as the solicitor does not offer investment advice and is not subject to disqualification. The fee must be paid pursuant to a written agreement between the adviser and the solicitor and a copy of this agreement must be given to the client prior to any advisory contact.”)

California, on the other hand, requires solicitor registration as an investment adviser representative but does not necessarily require that the solicitor qualifies as such by taking the series 65. (See 10 CCR § 260.236(c)(2), which states that qualification requirements do not apply to “any investment adviser representative employed by or engaged by an investment adviser only to offer or negotiate for the sale of investment advisory services of the investment adviser.”)

North Carolina effectively eliminates the entire concept of third-party solicitors and requires solicitors to register as investment adviser representatives with the RIA for which they are soliciting. In other words, all solicitors to North Carolina RIAs must be in-house solicitors and registered/supervised accordingly.

Georgia excludes CPAs and attorneys licensed in Georgia that solicit their own pre-existing accounting or legal clients on behalf of an RIA from the definition of investment adviser representative, and also has what amounts to a “de minimis” threshold that permits any other Georgia resident to solicit on behalf of an RIA so long as the annual clients solicited is capped at ten (see Rule 590-4-4-.12(2)).

New Mexico exempts solicitors from registering as investment advisers or investment adviser representatives so long as such solicitors only receive a one-time payment in consideration for the solicitation activity (see FAQ #2).

Texas is an example of a state that clearly distinguishes between solicitors to state-registered advisers, and solicitors to SEC-registered advisers, as well as in-house and third-party solicitors. Per FAQ 1.B.3 and 1.B.4: Q: “I am operating in Texas as a solicitor for an SEC-registered investment adviser. Must I also register or make a filing with the Texas Securities Commissioner? A: As a general rule, if a solicitor is a supervised person, the solicitor is not required to register with the Texas Securities Commissioner. Whether a solicitor for an SEC-registered investment advisor is subject to state registration requirements turns on: (1) whether the solicitor is a supervised person, (see FAQ 1.B.1) and (2) whether the solicitor is an [investment adviser representative] (see FAQ 1.B.2). If a solicitor of an SEC-registered investment adviser does not provide investment advice, the solicitor is not required to register with the Texas Securities Commissioner, but is subject to the fee and notice filing provisions. A third-party solicitor for an SEC-registered investment adviser (i.e., a solicitor who is not an employee of the adviser) is not a supervised person and, therefore, has to register with the Texas Securities Commissioner. A solicitor who solicits on behalf of both a Texas-registered investment adviser and an SEC-registered investment adviser is subject to Texas registration requirements.” “Q: I am operating in Texas as a solicitor for a Texas-registered investment adviser. Must I also register or make a notice filing with the Texas Securities Commissioner? A: A solicitor of a Texas-registered investment adviser must register with the Texas Securities Commissioner and meet all state registration requirements contained in the Act and Rules.”

Note, however, that Texas still requires in-house solicitors to SEC-registered advisers to pay a fee and notice file in the state. Technically, paying a fee and notice filing are not the same as “licensing, registration, or qualification,” which can be preempted (as discussed in the next section). Texas uses similar logic when it comes to its implementation of the national de minimis standard, but that’s for another article.

The point is that state rules and regulations can vary dramatically and should be reviewed carefully in nearly every solicitor use case. This can be a lot of states, because registration may be driven not only by the state(s) where the RIA is located and does business, but also the state(s) where any of the RIA’s solicitors are located. And as noted above, the rules in each of those states may not be the same. Case in point, state solicitor rules can differ based on whether the solicitor is a natural person or entity, whether the solicited client is a natural person or entity, whether the solicitor is soliciting investments into a private fund, whether the state requires dual-registration of third-party solicitors, and so on and so forth.

It’s a cruel paradox that smaller, state-registered advisers with fewer resources – especially those that are required to be registered in multiple states – are often subject to a more convoluted web of dense statutes, conflicting requirements, and in some cases even unwritten interpretations by their regulatory overlords. (Just wait until state-by-state fiduciary rules get layered on top… and now I will step down from my soapbox.)


Special Rules For Certain In-House Solicitors To SEC-Registered Investment Advisers

Notwithstanding the general rule that at least most states will require solicitors to qualify and/or register as IARs (albeit with some variability on a state-by-state basis), there is an important exception to the rule: no state can impose its own registration, licensing, or qualification requirements on “supervised persons” (including in-house solicitors) if such persons (a) are not considered to be “investment adviser representatives” of an SEC-registered adviser, or (b) do not have a “place of business” in such state. In other words, non-advisor employees of SEC-registered firms who don’t actually have/work with their own client generally do not need to be registered with a state as (in-house) solicitors, even if they are compensated to refer/bring in clients to the firm.

The legal basis for this federal preemption can be found in the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (commonly referred to as “NSMIA”): “No law of any State or political subdivision thereof requiring the registration, licensing, or qualification as an investment adviser or supervised person of an investment adviser shall apply to any person (A) that is registered [with the SEC], or that is a supervised person of such person, except that a State may license, register, or otherwise qualify any investment adviser representative who has a place of business located within that State.”

It’s critical to understand a few federal definitions to unwind this narrowly-tailored federal preemption:

  1. Investment Adviser Representative: a supervised person (i) Who has more than five clients who are natural persons (other than qualified clients); and (ii) More than ten percent of whose clients are natural persons (other than qualified clients). A supervised person is not an investment adviser representative if the supervised person (i) Does not on a regular basis solicit, meet with, or otherwise communicate with clients of the investment adviser; or (ii) Provides only impersonal investment advice. This is a fairly restrictive definition and differs dramatically from the much broader definitions adopted by nearly every state and the NASAA Uniform Securities Act. Compared to a supervised person of a state-registered adviser, a supervised person of an SEC-registered investment adviser is afforded a higher threshold of client interaction before state licensing, registration, and qualification requirements kick in.
  2. Supervised Person: any partner, officer, director (or other person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions), or employee of an investment adviser, or other person who provides investment advice on behalf of the investment adviser and is subject to the supervision and control of the investment adviser. For a solicitor to be considered a “supervised person,” he or she must be an in-house solicitor as referred to earlier in this article, or someone who provides investment advice to the adviser’s clients, and is under its supervision and control.
  3. Place of Business: (1) An office at which the investment adviser representative regularly provides investment advisory services, solicits, meets with, or otherwise communicates with clients; and (2) Any other location that is held out to the general public as a location at which the investment adviser representative provides investment advisory services, solicits, meets with, or otherwise communicates with clients.

The long and short of it is that in-house solicitors to SEC-registered advisers cannot be subject to any state’s licensing, registration, or qualification requirements if they do not fall under the federal definition of investment adviser representative, or do not have a place of business in the particular state.

If an in-house solicitor to an SEC-registered adviser is considered an investment adviser representative under the federal definition, the solicitor must next look to state rules and regulations to assess licensing, registration, and qualification requirements. Which, as discussed earlier, will generally require registration as an IAR of the SEC-registered Investment Adviser.

Overall, this means that unless a solicitor is in-house with an SEC-registered adviser and is not considered to be an investment adviser representative as defined above, state-by-state licensing, registration and qualification requirements are almost always going to come into play (either by requiring the solicitor to register, or by triggering the solicitor’s status as an IAR which in turn would require them to register anyway). Similarly, such state-by-state requirements are going to come into play for nearly all third-party solicitors to SEC-registered advisers, as well as all in-house and third-party solicitors to state-registered advisers.


Solicitor Rule Requirements For Firms That Are State-Registered Investment Advisers

Like the state-by-state web of rules and regulations imposed on solicitors themselves, the regulatory landscape for state-registered RIAs that retain such solicitors is similarly varied, as Rule 206(4)-3 of the Investment Advisers Act technically only applies to SEC-registered firms. States that oversee state-registered investment advisers ultimately set their own state rules for firms registered in their states. And since there are 50 states, that unfortunately creates the potential for a lot of different rules for state-registered firms depending on which (and how many) of the 50 states they’re registered in!

The North American Securities Administrators Association (“NASAA”) attempted to facilitate some degree of uniformity, however, by issuing a proposed Model Rule in 2009 regarding solicitors in the form of Uniform Securities Act of 1956 Model Rule 401(g)(4)-1 and Uniform Securities Act of 2002 Model Rule 404(a)-2. The proposed Model Rule largely tracks the Federal Rule’s statutory disqualification definition, requires the same written solicitor agreement and client acknowledgment, and imposes the same bona fide compliance effort. But it differs from the Federal Rule in at least two important ways: the proposed Model Rule (1) generally requires any solicitor to register as an investment adviser representative of an RIA, and (2) does not limit its applicability to cash payments, but instead broadens its applicability to “any other economic benefit” conferred to the solicitor.

The challenge, though, is that the proposed Model Rule is just that… a model of a proposed rule that states can adopt. It isn’t automatically the rule in every or any state, especially since NASAA has not adopted the rule itself. And even if NASAA ever does adopt the rule, it must still in-turn be adopted by each/every particular state, before it becomes enforceable in that state. Accordingly, state-registered RIAs must still, therefore, defer to their particular state(s)’ specific rules and regulations with respect to their use of solicitors.

In the meantime, some states do plainly defer to the Federal Rule via cross-reference (like Georgia, which does so indirectly through its recordkeeping rule: Rule 590-4-4-.14), others impose their own unique requirements (like North Carolina’s 18 NCAC 06A .1717, which still basically mimics the Federal Rule in many respects), and still others are largely silent with respect to the use of solicitors altogether (like New York, which is an outlier in a lot of other respects as well).

The key point, though, is that all, none, or some elements of the Federal Rule may be applicable to state-registered RIAs that have engaged solicitors. So in addition to determining what solicitors may be required to do in any state in which they have a place of business, state-registered investment advisers themselves must look to their own state’s rules to determine what is expected of them with respect to solicitors as an RIA registered in that state. Regardless of what Rule 206(4)-3 requires (or not) of SEC-registered investment advisory firms.


Compliance Recommendations

If you’re an RIA interested in paying a solicitor to refer clients to the firm (or are interested in receiving cash for referring clients to other advisers as a solicitor), consider the following compliance recommendations:

  • If SEC-registered, carefully review the Solicitation Rule to ensure you are complying with its enumerated requirements to a T. It’s actually fairly straightforward, but specific elements (especially with respect to the solicitor’s agreement and solicitor’s disclosure document) can be easily overlooked if not scrutinized. Don’t forget to make a (documented) bona fide effort to ascertain whether a solicitor has complied with the terms of a solicitor agreement; consider adding this to a compliance calendar if one exists.
  • Whether SEC-registered or state-registered, be sure to understand applicable state requirements for the solicitor him or herself regarding licensing, registration, and qualification requirements. Be sure to account for states in which the adviser is registered or notice filed (think Texas), as well as the states in which solicitors themselves have a place of business (as any state in which the solicitor has a place of business could become a solicitation state, even if the RIA itself doesn’t already have a place of business there!).
  • Certain non-advisory professionals who want to be third-party solicitors for RIAs, like lawyers and accountants, may be restricted by their own state credentialing organization from receiving compensation for client referrals. In other words, an attorney’s state Bar association or a CPA’s state Board of Accountancy may bar the professional from being an RIA solicitor in the first place (because it’s deemed an untenable conflict for the attorney’s or accountant’s own fiduciary professional obligation to clients), even if the RIA rules would otherwise have allowed it. Such restrictions are beyond the scope of this article and do vary from state to state (based on wherever the attorney or accountant him or herself are licensed to practice), but be aware that other regulatory or licensing bodies may come into play for solicitors themselves.
  • The instructions to both Form ADV Part 1 and Form ADV Part 2A require reporting and disclosure when it comes to an adviser’s utilization of solicitors. Look to Items 5(B)(6), 8(H) and 8(I) in the ADV Part 1 and Item 14 in the ADV Part 2A.
  • Don’t try to disguise a referral fee payment as some sort of other fee-for-services payment to avoid solicitor rules. You can’t do indirectly what you’re prohibited from doing directly, so avoid propping up a straw man, as it will surely be burned down by regulators. Especially since, per its recent Risk Alert, the SEC is specifically concerned about and scrutinizing RIA’s use of solicitors and the related disclosure requirements in its upcoming examination cycle.
  • Don’t be afraid to call your state regulator to get clarity on the ins and outs of your state’s particular solicitor rules if the RIA is state- or SEC-registered when trying to determine the registration requirements (or not) for solicitors themselves in that state. Sometimes a state’s guidance or interpretation of a gray area may not be in writing, or may be buried in the depths of its website, so don’t be afraid to call and talk it out. The variables to flesh out would be:
    • Where the RIA firm has a place of business and is registered;
    • Where the solicitor has a place of business and is registered (if at all);
    • Whether the solicitor is in-house or third-party;
    • Whether the state requires solicitors to be in-house (think North Carolina);
    • Whether the solicitor is a natural person or an entity;
    • Whether the solicited clients will be natural persons or entities;
    • What the particular state(s)’ definition of “investment adviser representative” is; and
    • Whether the state permits dual-registration of IARs.
  • Solicitors and advisers must be on the same page when it comes to the timing and delivery of the adviser’s ADV Part 2 and the solicitor’s disclosure document, as well as the signed/dated acknowledgment of receipt if such acknowledgment is contained in a separate document. Since the solicitor assumes responsibility for delivering the ADV Part 2 and the solicitor’s disclosure document, be sure he or she is promptly provided with the most current versions whenever they are updated.

Solicitor compliance obligations, like many compliance obligations, can be frustratingly complicated and layered with nuance that isn’t readily apparent on the surface. Yet given the SEC’s recent attention to solicitor compliance (as highlighted in its aforementioned Risk Alert) and anecdotal focus I’ve seen from state regulators both during initial registrations and subsequent exams, advisers should expect continued scrutiny in this area for the foreseeable future.

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This article originally appeared in Michael Kitces’ Nerd’s Eye View on May 27, 2019.